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3. Kidney Damage
NSAIDs affect blood flow to the kidneys, which can impair their ability to filter waste from the blood. Over time, this can lead to acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease.
Warning signs may include:
- Reduced urine output
- Swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet
- Fatigue
- Shortness of breath
Those at higher risk include older adults, people with diabetes, heart disease, dehydration, or pre-existing kidney conditions.
4. Liver Problems
Although less common than kidney issues, NSAIDs can also affect the liver. Elevated liver enzymes and, in rare cases, liver failure have been reported.
Symptoms of liver trouble may include:
- Yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)
- Dark urine
- Upper right abdominal pain
- Persistent fatigue
5. Increased Bleeding Risk
Aspirin, in particular, interferes with blood clotting. While this can be beneficial for preventing heart attacks, it also increases the risk of excessive bleeding.
Combining aspirin with other NSAIDs, blood thinners, or alcohol can significantly raise the risk of dangerous bleeding episodes.
6. Allergic Reactions and Breathing Problems
Some individuals experience allergic reactions to NSAIDs, including skin rashes, swelling, and difficulty breathing. People with asthma are at a higher risk of developing NSAID-induced bronchospasm, which can be life-threatening.
Who Is Most at Risk?
Certain groups are more vulnerable to serious side effects:
- Adults over age 60
- People with a history of ulcers or gastrointestinal bleeding
- Individuals with heart disease or high blood pressure
- Those with kidney or liver disease
- People taking blood thinners, steroids, or antidepressants
- Individuals who drink alcohol regularly
For these groups, even short-term use can be risky.
Common Mistakes People Make With NSAIDs
Many side effects occur because of improper use. Common mistakes include:
- Taking higher doses than recommended
- Using multiple NSAIDs at the same time
- Taking NSAIDs on an empty stomach
- Using them daily for chronic pain without medical advice
- Mixing them with alcohol
Because pain relief may feel immediate, people often underestimate the cumulative effects on the body.
Warning Signs You Should Never Ignore
Seek medical attention if you experience:
- Severe stomach pain
- Black or bloody stools
- Chest pain or shortness of breath
- Sudden weakness on one side of the body
- Confusion or difficulty speaking
- Swelling of the face, lips, or throat
- Little or no urine output
These may signal a medical emergency.
Safer Use Guidelines
If you take ibuprofen, naproxen, or aspirin:
- Use the lowest effective dose
- Take for the shortest possible time
- Always follow label instructions
- Take with food or milk
- Avoid combining multiple NSAIDs
- Stay well hydrated
- Talk to a healthcare provider if pain persists
Never assume that “over-the-counter” means risk-free.
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